KUALA LUMPUR: In August 2005, the Malaysia’s National Strategic Plan (NSP) for Solid Waste Management envisaged a target of diverting 40% of municipal waste from landfill and increasing recycling rates to 22%.
Fast-forward to 2020 – these targets remain a pipe dream for 15 consecutive years, as they were sorely missed year after year, and based on the latest figures, almost 90% of waste was disposed to landfills, while only 10.5% recycled.
The only accurate estimate then was on the municipal waste generated on a daily basis – 19,000 tonnes per day in 2005 to more than 30,000 tonnes daily by 2020 or to be more precise 38,142 tonnes of waste per day in 2018, according to the Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Corporation (SWCorp).
Based on these figures, there is nearly a doubling of waste produced since 2005, when the per capita generation was around 0.8kg per person per day compared to an average of 1.17kg per person each day in 2018.
Back in 2005, 75% of this waste was being collected while the remainder was disposed by others, including via illegal dumping. Almost 95% of the collected wastes were then taken to about 120 treatment disposal facilities that were distributed throughout the Peninsula.
According to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, around RM430m (US$104m) has been spent on closing just 17 out of 165 existing dumpsites, and promoting the disposal of solid waste to sanitary landfill.
At present, landfill seems to be the preferred solid waste management option for Malaysia, as waste infrastructure is not well-developed. Local authorities responsible for the management of solid waste are outsourcing the collection and disposal of solid waste to private companies.
But it has become more untenable to rely on landfill because lands are more needed for other purposes due to the robust economic development in the last two decades and a sanitary landfill is one source of pollution in which both biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes emit toxic gases such as methane into the air in the process of decomposition which may take years to complete – from 100 to 500 years.
To enhance solid waste management, Malaysia has taken the approach of privatisation and centralisation. The standard hierarchy of waste management involves five crucial steps: reuse, reduce, recycling, treatment and disposal.
Recycling is a big part of these crucial steps but has happened in many other countries it is very difficult to get the whole population to support it and that’s why for 15 years the target of recycling rates of 22% remains a pipe dream.
The other element of waste management is to resort to a concept of a circular economy – first propounded by Walter Stahel and Genevieve Reday in their 1976 research report to the European Commission in which they sketched the vision of an economy in loops (or circular economy) and its impact on job creation, economic competitiveness, resource savings and waste prevention. The report was published in 1982 as the book Jobs for Tomorrow: The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy.
Promoting a circular economy was identified as national policy in China's 11th five-year plan starting in 2006. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has more recently outlined the economic opportunity of a circular economy, bringing together complementary schools of thought in an attempt to create a coherent framework, thus giving the concept a wide exposure and appeal.
In its essence, the circular economy is based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.
Singapore’s adoption of the circular economy is legendary based on a three-pronged strategy. The first and key strategy is waste reduction. Second, is to recycle what the city-state can’t reduce. The third strategy is waste-to-energy – the use of incinerator to reduce the volume of waste, and the toxic ash is sent to the Semakau Landfill – the only landfill in Singapore built on a man-made island away from the mainland.
It is called waste-to-energy because the heat from burning the wastes can be harnessed to generate electricity for domestic use. Singapore incinerates more than 2.8 million tonnes of waste a year, up from 2.4 million tonnes in 2000.
The next thing that the Republic is focusing on now is how to re-use the incineration ash, and to turn it into sand – called NEWSand – for construction purposes, thereby closing the waste loop and is akin to recycling.
The residual ash at the bottom of the incinerator after the wastes have been burnt is toxic but it can be potentially used for non-structural purposes, once it has been treated to ensure that it is suitable for construction purposes.
This is done by extracting more than 200 tonnes of metal a day from the incinerated bottom ash. Singapore is currently exploring treatment process to render the ash for compliance with the environmental standards for construction application.
By reusing the incinerated bottom ash, the demand for landfill space will be reduced and the lifespan of Semakau Landfill extended.
In Malaysia, the narrative on using incinerator is still on the toxic gases that the incinerator is emitting to the air through its chimney, and building an incinerator plant involved heavy and hefty capital outlay. This is an outdated argument.
There are very stringent pollution control measures at the waste-to-energy (WTE) plants – one third of the incineration process is devoted to flue gas treatment systems for pollution control.
The flue gas goes through the electrostatic precipitators to remove 99.7 per cent of the dust. The flue gas then passes through the catalytic bag filters where the dioxin – a highly toxic pollutant and powerful carcinogen produced from burning plastic – is converted into carbon dioxide and water.
The final emissions from the plant are hence clean and this is the standard adopted by incineration plants in Singapore and advanced countries such as Switzerland and Germany.
And in the case of Singapore, it is soon to launch a fifth integrated waste-to-energy plant, which will integrate water management with waste to energy. Building this new plant will enable older, less efficient plants to be replaced and help to reduce the carbon footprint as well i.e., the same amount of waste can produce double the amount of energy.
The reason why the republic co-located the new plant at Tuas with the used water reclamation facility is the synergy obtained when these are combined for better efficiency and resource recovery.
The food waste collected can also be co-digested with used water sludge from wastewater. That will help increase the amount of biogas produced, and in turn the amount of electricity generated.
With all these advantages and pay-offs in the form of power generation, re-using the incinerator ash for making construction materials, and integrating water management with waste to energy, the cost factor becomes less compelling.
What’s more, an incinerator works 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year regardless of rain, shine, lightning, thunderstorm or flood which means on a daily basis much of the waste is drastically reduced – 90% with a 10% ash residual.
Already a Malaysian inventor is reported to have devised a smaller incinerator suitable for the management of municipal waste in which it features a solar-powered incinerator that is able to treat the flue gas and at the same time is able to convert the incinerator ash into organic fertilisers by merely adding sawdust. These fertilisers will come in handy for those involved in urban farming.
The incinerator dubbed as “The Asher” is being exported to countries such as China, Indonesia, Philippines, Dubai and Singapore.
Perhaps what is needed is for private-public partnership to build one incinerator in every state in Malaysia which was actually in the pipeline but being opposed by environmentalists for the sake of opposing.
If the cost is so hefty such that we can’t build a big plant to get the economies of scale like what Singapore did, then Malaysia can follow the Japanese model in its adoption of waste to energy when it built a few hundred smaller incineration plants, where each prefecture and municipality has responsibility for its own waste.
But before we follow any one country on this, we have to assess our own unique scenario by looking at our own waste landscape and adapt the model we borrowed to suite our own unique circumstances.
Jamari Mohtar is Director of Media & Communications at EMIR Research, an independent think-tank focused on strategic policy recommendations based upon rigorous research.
** The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the position of Astro AWANI.
Jamari Mohtar
Thu Apr 22 2021
At present, landfill seems to be the preferred solid waste management option for Malaysia, as waste infrastructure is not well-developed. Filepic/REUTERS
KPN ucap takziah kepada keluarga Tun Hanif Omar
Razarudin mewakili keluarga Sang Saka Biru mengucapkan takziah kepada keluarga bekas KPN Tun Mohammed Hanif Omar.
Sofia Jane raih anugerah Pelakon Wanita Terbaik di Festival Filem Asia ke-21
Secara keseluruhan naskhah arahan Badrul Hisham Ismail itu juga berjaya merangkul Anugerah Most Original Film.
Mesir, rakan usaha dapatkan gencatan senjata di Gaza
Mesir sedang berusaha mendapatkan satu gencatan senjata di Semenanjung Gaza dengan sokongan Amerika Syarikat (AS) dan Qatar, kata Menteri Luar Mesir, Sameh Shoukry pada Jumaat.
MediaTek lancar cip Dimensity 6300 dengan teknologi 6nm
Ia dihasilkan dengan teknologi 6nm TSMC dengan konfigurasi dua teras Cortex-A76 sehingga 2.4GHz dan enam teras Cortex A55 sehingga 2.0GHz.
Filem Sheriff pamer sisi berbeza Kamal Affandi sebagai pegawai polis
Filem Sheriff menemui penonton di pawagam mulai 18 April.
Bursa Malaysia dijangka mengalami keadaan tidak banyak berubah minggu depan
FBM KLCI dijangka turun naik dalam julat 1,528 hingga 1,560 minggu depan, dengan sokongan serta-merta pada 1,520, diikuti oleh 1,508.
Noktah kemiskinan tegar, isu kewarganegaraan dibincang bersama MPN PKR Sabah
Anwar yang juga Presiden PKR berkata MPN PKR Sabah telah mengutarakan kepentingan memesatkan usaha menoktahkan kemiskinan tegar di Sabah.
Tun Hanif Omar lakar sejarah Ketua Polis Negara paling lama, termuda
Allahyarham dilantik memegang jawatan Ketua Polis Negara keempat pada usia 35 tahun bermula 8 Jun 1974.
AWANI Ringkas: PM di Sabah, lawatan kerja sehari
Ikuti rangkuman berita utama yang menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari di Astro AWANI menerusi AWANI Ringkas.
Amelia Henderson jawab tuduhan pakai rantai dengan loket salib
Aktres i.D berikut menerima kecaman kerana memakai loket balerina yang disalah erti oleh warga maya dengan lambang salib.
Sisa pepejal di Pahang dijangka meningkat menjelang Aidilfitri
Jangkaan tersebut adalah berdasarkan analisis data tahun sebelumnya.
Pemuda GEMA Johor sasar selamatkan 1 tan metrik makanan di bazar Ramadan
Bagi mencapai hasrat itu, pihaknya akan bekerjasama dengan MARDI dan SWCorp Johor.
Sisa makanan bazar Ramadan di N Sembilan dijangka meningkat 15 peratus
Peningkatan dijangka berlaku kerana penambahan lokasi dan peniaga di Bazar Ramadan di Negeri Sembilan berbanding tahun sebelum ini.
KPKT sasar 100 Pusat Kitar Semula Pandu Lalu
Kementerian Pembangunan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT) menerusi Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal dan Pembersihan Awam (SWCorp) menyasarkan untuk mewujudkan 100 Pusat Kitar Semula Pandu Lalu (DTRC) di selu
Individu tular buang sampah tepi jalan sudah dipanggil - SWCorp
Video berdurasi 17 saat itu turut dikongsi di beberapa portal dan menarik perhatian ramai termasuk Menteri Besar Johor, Datuk Onn Hafiz Ghazi.
Kadar kitar semula Malaysia meningkat kepada 33.17 peratus pada 2022
Kadar kitar semula kebangsaan pada tahun 2022 meningkat sebanyak 33.17 peratus dengan jumlah barangan kitar semula mencecah 4.626 juta tan.
Tahap kesedaran terhadap pengurusan sisa pepejal masih rendah - SWCorp
38,000 tan sisa domestik dan 17,000 tan sisa makanan dihasilkan rakyat Malaysia setiap hari ketika ini.
Aidilfitri: SWCorp N. Sembilan lupus lebih 6,000 tan sisa pepejal
Jumlah itu mengalami penurunan berbanding ketika perayaan Aidilfitri dalam tempoh sama tahun lepas.
90 tan metrik sampah pukal dikutip di Melaka sepanjang Ramadan
40 notis dikeluarkan kepada pemilik kediaman yang sering melonggokkan sisa buangan di kawasan tidak sepatutnya.
Penjualan makanan secara pakej undang pembaziran, SWCorp sasar kurangkan 20 peratus sisa makanan
Strategi penjualan secara pakej yang ditawarkan peniaga bazar Ramadan dilihat menjadi faktor menyumbang kepada pembaziran sekaligus meningkatkan jumlah sisa buangan bahan makanan di Malaysia.