WE will soon be celebrating International Women’s Day (IWD) on the 8th of March 2024. This year’s official theme is “Investing in Women: Accelerating Progress”, calling on governments, corporations and ordinary citizens everywhere to invest in the economic empowerment of women.

We are at a critical juncture in history, and investing in our women is more urgent than ever.

Female economic agency is central to achieving Gender Equality and promoting the wellbeing and prosperity of our families, societies and economies. Without female economic empowerment, we risk half our population being left behind and as vulnerable as ever in the face of a world that is rapidly changing.

Within just the last few years, new AI technology has revolutionised the digital world, climate change has been making its presence keenly felt - Malaysia being no exception, with flooding becoming more unpredictable each year - and a global pandemic has come, and stayed, leaving thousands on our own shores and millions around the globe still reeling from its effects.

Unfortunately with limited economic power, it is often women who are most vulnerable to disasters and change. We witnessed this firsthand when the pandemic led to increasing cases of physical and economic violence against women, rampant poverty - especially in female headed households - and the increase in female Unpaid Care Work burdens.

We must learn from the lessons of our recent past. As economic agency is the cornerstone of resilience, it is crucial to dismantle the structural, social and cultural barriers that prevent women from participating fully in the economy and in public life.


What Malaysia Stands to Gain

Women make up 50% of Malaysia’s population, yet we have one of the lowest Female Labour Force Participation Rates (FLFPR) amongst Upper Middle Income Countries. Only 55.8% of Malaysian women participate in the labour force, compared to 81.9% of men. With only a little over half the female population engaged in the labour force, we are losing out on so much untapped potential.

Research has shown that Malaysia stands to grow its income per capita by 26.2% if all economic barriers are removed for women. This translates into an average income gain of about RM9400 (US$2,250) - a considerable amount.

The simple truth is that when women work, economies grow. Investing in our women means investing in us all.

Furthermore, when women have equal access to economic resources and opportunity, there are not only positive economic effects, there are also positive multiplier impacts on the wellbeing of society as a whole.

When women have financial agency, they are able to engage meaningfully in public life, for example by entering policymaking roles (because at the end of the day, women need money to run for elections). Research has shown that when more women are empowered as economic and political actors, our policies are more reflective of the diverse needs on the ground.


Ways Forward

There are several ways Malaysia can economically empower women, and they involve addressing the structural, social and cultural barriers that restrict women’s economic opportunities.

Ensuring full access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) is essential to economic empowerment. When both men and women have access to Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) and reproductive health services, including contraceptives for family planning, women will have better control over the timing and spacing of their own births. They will be able to plan their careers better and reduce career gaps, which is one of the main factors driving the persistent Gender Pay Gap.

According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) latest figures, women currently make 33% less than men a year, a staggering jump from the 3.5% difference recorded for the year before.

Ensuring SRHR and expanding education is also key to addressing unintended adolescent pregnancy in Malaysia, which is a significant disruptor to female educational attainment and economic opportunity. A joint report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNICEF on adolescent pregnancy in Malaysia highlights the need for CSE so girls are able to make better informed decisions about their reproductive health, alongside introducing educational programs for both boys and girls that cover issues of consent, harmful gender norms and violence.

Instating equal Parental Leave for both men and women also keeps more women in the workforce by reducing career gaps and fostering healthier, more equal gender dynamics for Unpaid Care Work at home.

Currently, men in Malaysia only have 7 days of paternity leave as compared to 98 days for women around the country, which places the burden of caregiving post-birth on women. This mismatch in maternity and paternity leaves also leaves women vulnerable to discrimination in job seeking, which once again limits their economic opportunities and agency.

With that said, it is important that reforms in parental leave apply to all states in Malaysia so no one group is left behind - currently Sabah and Sarawak have still not mandated the minimum 7 days of paternity leave. Sabah and Sarawak have FLFPRS of 49% and 51.2% respectively, both significantly below the national average of 55.8%.

Furthermore, establishing The Care Economy in Malaysia also has the potential to further the economic might of women. We applaud the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development for committing to investing in The Care Economy, recognising its potential to contribute between 10 - 39% of our national GDP, and look forward to supporting continued progress in formalising our national care economy framework.

In fact, latest research by the World Bank titled “Filling the Gaps: Childcare Laws for Women’s Economic Empowerment” (based on data from 80 countries spanning a 20-year period - 2000-2020) showed that the enactment of childcare laws increases women’s labour force participation with 2 - 4% increases within the first 5 years of its enactment. 

However, for all the above to come to fruition - it is vital for the Ministry of Economy to have a bigger and more proactive stakeholdership. For without an economic roadmap and in-depth understanding of the socio-economic barriers withholding women’s  potential - the resources and investments needed to build the necessary inclusive infrastructures will never tangibly materialise and in tandem withholding Malaysia from achieving the 2030 SDGs.   


Real Change, Not Buzzwords

Gender Equality and women’s empowerment are not just catchphrases- they are words with real weight, about goals critical for our collective wellbeing. There are real lives and real futures at stake.

There should be nothing performative about economic inclusivity. True inclusivity involves making meaningful and sometimes difficult change, having uncomfortable conversations and challenging long-entrenched social and cultural norms that for too long have kept women from achieving their full potential, economic or otherwise.

With economic agency, women are free to make their own decisions, achieve their full potential,  or safely leave abuse or situations that are harmful. Ultimately, all Malaysian citizens irrespective of gender should have the right to choice, and the full Bodily Autonomy to decide how they live their lives with access to adequate resources.

On this International Women’s Day and beyond, we call on every Malaysian - from the government, to the private sector, to ordinary men and women on the street - to accelerate investment into economically empowering our women. Our collective future depends on it.



* MWGF is an annual event that brings together multiple stakeholders involved in the social and economic advancement of women and girls in Malaysia. The forum identifies, engages and tracks key social, economic and legislative changes that are needed to accelerate the rights and well-being of Malaysia’s women and girls.

** The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the position of Astro AWANI.