BLANTYRE/MAPUTO: Days before Cyclone Freddy struck Mozambique on March 11 for the second time, cars with loudhailers moved through the streets of the port town of Quelimane warning residents to move to shelters on higher ground with stocks of food and water.
Most people heeded the warnings, knowing from bitter experience the damage such storms could inflict: 600 people had died in Cyclone Idai in 2019.
"Local authorities came around my neighbourhood to alert us of the imminent danger. They blew the whistle," recalled 31-year-old Quelimane resident Amelia Antonio.
Those preparations helped save lives in one of the strongest storms ever to hit Africa.
Mozambique has so far recorded 76 deaths, a relatively low toll compared with previous such disasters.
The storm was far more deadly in neighbouring Malawi, where at least 447 were killed as Freddy tore through the country's southern tip and inundated the main commercial hub of Blantyre.
There, warnings were inconsistent and often unheeded by residents, many of whom told Reuters they did not know where to go if they did leave their homes.
Mozambique and Malawi are among the poorest 8% of countries in the world, according to United Nations data. Over half the population in each country live below the poverty line.
The contrast between what happened in the two southern African nations holds lessons for a world where global warming and population growth have produced burgeoning shanty towns vulnerable to the destructive storms that climate change fuels.
As these storms get stronger, sophisticated warning systems of the sort Mozambique now uses will be required, and swollen cities like Blantyre will have to address the scourge of unplanned slums that rapid urbanisation is creating.
'PEOPLE WERE CLIMBING TREES'
"What remains of my house is just sticks standing," Antonio told Reuters in a telephone interview on Thursday. "If I'd been there, I don't know what would have happened."
She avoided physical harm thanks to a community-based early warning system in Mozambique, which delivers text messages and announcements on local radio and TV. She was instructed to seek shelter at a local school, where she is still sleeping.
"It is a very structured (warning) system ... down to village level," said Myrta Kaulard, United Nations resident coordinator for Mozambique. "People had to move to the shelters and this ... saved a lot of lives."
In Malawi, too, warnings were sounded as the storm moved inland. But a lot of people did not get them, including Madalo Makawa, a resident of Chilobwe, a densely populated township of Blantyre that was one of the hardest hit by the storm.
"We just saw water and rocks coming down the mountains and we started running," she said. "People were shouting for help, others were climbing trees."
Others, like Yohane Simbi, said they were not told where to seek shelter, and so many stayed home.
Chilobwe lies below a mountain with thousands of makeshift shelters, often mud structures with tin roofs that were flattened by mudslides and falling rocks. Between two-thirds and three-quarters of Malawians in the country's four cities live in informal houses, U.N. Habitat data from 2020 shows.
Simbi's house was partially destroyed, but he survived.
"Malawi ... normally floods on lower ground," Felix Washon from the Malawi Red Cross Society told Reuters from Blantyre. This means anyone in the hills thought they were safe despite radio, TV and social media messages warning them of the storm.
"During the mudslides ... water broke away from the mountains," he said. "This has never happened in recent times."
As he visited the area of Blantyre hit by the storm, Natural Resources Minister Michael Usi described it as a "national tragedy", but said people had been warned to relocate.
Officials in Malawi's disaster management affairs department did not immediately respond to queries on evacuation orders and whether shelters were set up before the storm hit.
BIGGER TOWNS, STRONGER STORMS
Scientists say climate change driven by the burning of fossil fuels is making tropical storms stronger.
The ocean has absorbed much of the warming caused by heat-trapping gases. This additional heat can fuel a storm's intensity and power stronger winds. In the case of Freddy, this extra energy allowed the storm to pick up strength again and circle back to strike again.
At the same time, rapid population growth in the developing world has pushed impoverished rural folk to seek opportunities in cities, putting pressure on housing in places like Blantyre, which has a population of about a million.
"People are coming from the rural areas ... to find jobs, but when they don't get jobs, they don't go back, they settle in the fragile areas," said Costly Chanza, director of town planning and estates services at the Blantyre City Council.
Much of the construction in the hilly areas around Blantyre flouts planning regulations, he added, but efforts to move people elsewhere have failed as alternative plots were too far away from employment, schools and hospitals.
Court orders blocking relocations have also thwarted the city's efforts, Chanza said. He did not provide specific figures of how many people need to be relocated.
Deforestation - often to make charcoal in places with no electricity - added to the disaster, as it loosens soil, creating the right conditions for mudslides, Chanza said.
In addition, weak building materials like mud and iron sheets made houses more prone to collapse, said Estere Tsoka, emergency specialist at U.N. children's agency UNICEF in Malawi.
Reuters
Mon Mar 20 2023
Members of the Malawian Army and locals help the community to recover bodies of victims in Chimwankhunda township in the aftermath of Tropical Cyclone Freddy in Blantyre, Malawi. - REUTERS
Usia emas bukan penghalang sertai sukan lasak
Yee Sze Mun membuktikan bahawa usia 86 tahun bukan penghalang bagi seorang individu menyertai perlumbaan sukan lasak Ironman.
RISDA saran pemilik tanah sertai tanaman semula getah berkelompok
Menerusi TSB, pekebun kecil dapat menikmati pelbagai manfaat termasuk bantuan teknikal, sokongan kewangan dan akses kepada teknologi moden.
TERAJU akan wujudkan dana RM1 bilion bantu perusahaan Bumiputera
Dana yang menggunakan kaedah leveraj dan penggandaan itu akan dilaksanakan dengan sokongan rakan usaha sama.
Malaysia teroka tenaga solar di kawasan tadahan air
Malaysia sedang teroka cara untuk mengoptimumkan kawasan tadahan air bagi menjana tenaga solar tanpa menjejaskan alam sekitar dan kualiti air.
Cabut undi projek pastikan kontraktor G1-G4 dapat peluang - Nanta
Ia dapat memastikan kontraktor kelas berkenaan peluang untuk melibatkan diri dalam kerja-kerja pembaikan infrastruktur jalan Persekutuan.
Pelaksanaan mekanisma levi pelbagai peringkat (MLTM) dijangka bermula Januari 2025
Mekanisma levi pelbagai peringkat (MLTM) dijangka dilaksanakan pada Januari hadapan, selepas perinciannya dimuktamadkan dan diluluskan Jemaah Menteri, kata Menteri Sumber Manusia, Steven Sim.
Portal UP_TVET bertujuan untuk memudahkan proses permohonan
Saluran permohonan untuk mengikuti kursus Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknikal dan Vokasional (TVET) yang dahulunya mengelirukan kini dibuat melalui satu saluran tunggal iaitu menerusi portal Unit Pengambilan TVET atau singkatannya UP_TVET yang dibangunkan oleh Kementerian Sumber Manusia (KESUMA).
Menurut Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi,penggunaan saluran tunggal UP_TVET yang fleksibel dengan mengambil kira keperluan pelbagai syarat masuk merupakan satu inisiatif untuk membuka ruang seluasnya kepada rakyat Malaysia untuk menyertai program TVET.
Menurut Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi,penggunaan saluran tunggal UP_TVET yang fleksibel dengan mengambil kira keperluan pelbagai syarat masuk merupakan satu inisiatif untuk membuka ruang seluasnya kepada rakyat Malaysia untuk menyertai program TVET.
Kerajaan digesa bawa Mala pulang dari penjara Nepal
Kerajaan didesak untuk membawa pulang seorang rakyat Malaysia yang meringkuk di penjara Nepal atas kesalahan Imigresen.
Jemaah lega dapat luah perasaan di Ranting Hati
Jemaah haji Malaysia melahirkan rasa lega kerana berpeluang meluahkan perasaan sejak tiba di Tanah Suci menerusi tulisan terapi naratif yang menghasilkan Ranting Hati, satu inisiatif terbaharu diperkenalkan oleh Unit Kaunseling Tabung Haji (TH) sebagai platform menangani cabaran sebagai tetamu Allah sepanjang operasi musim ini.
Proses penggapungan kapal ambil masa 21 jam
Kapal berdaftar di Singapura, Dali yang melanggar struktur Jambatan Francis Scott Key di Baltimore, Maryland yang kemudiannya runtuh, mempunyai klasifikasi yang sah dan sijil berkanun yang meliputi integriti struktur kapal dan fungsi peralatannya. Penguasa Maritim dan Pelabuhan Singapura (MPA) berkata kapal kargo itu juga telah menjalani dua pemeriksaan yang diluluskan oleh dua pelabuhan asing pada Jun dan September 2023 dengan klasifikasi dan tinjauan berkanun seterusnya dijangka pada Jun 2024.