Prime Minister Narendra Modi is changing Indian Kashmir's residency laws for the first time since 1947, in a bid to snuff out any challenge to the disputed territory belonging to India.
Drawing comparisons with Israel's "settler" tactics in the Palestinian Territories, Modi's Hindu nationalist government aims to change the demographic makeup and identity of the Muslim-majority region, critics say.
AFP looks at the background, what the new rules are and their implications for the area's 14 million population.
- What has Modi done in Kashmir so far? -
The Himalayan former princely state has been split between India and Pakistan since independence from Britain in 1947.
In the Indian-administered part a conflict between separatist rebels and government forces has killed tens of thousands since 1989, mostly civilians.
More than 65 percent of the population is Muslim. In the Kashmir Valley, the main centre of the rebellion, it is close to 100 percent.
On August 5, 2019 Modi's government revoked articles in the Indian constitution that guaranteed Kashmir's partial autonomy and other rights including its own flag and constitution.
A huge accompanying security operation saw tens of thousands of extra troops adding to 500,000 already there enforce a siege-like curfew. Thousands were arrested and telecommunications were cut for months.
Jammu & Kashmir state was demoted to a union territory governed directly from New Delhi, while the Ladakh region was carved out into a separate administrative area.
Creating such new "facts on the ground" in Kashmir has long been advocated by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the hardline Hindu parent organisation to Modi's BJP party.
The move sent a further shudder through India's 200-million Muslim minority and defenders of its secular traditions, who fear Modi wants to create a Hindu nation something he denies.
"What I see unfolding is a Hindu settler colonial project in the making," Mona Bhan, associate professor of anthropology at Syracuse University who has long researched Kashmir, told AFP.
- What happened to Kashmir's special rules? -
Modi's government tore up Kashmir's special residence rules dating back to 1927 which had ensured only permanent residents could own land and property, secure government jobs and university places and vote in local elections.
Now a raft of different categories of people from anywhere in India can apply for domicile certificates, giving them access to all the above.
These include those living in Kashmir for 15 years, who include around 28,000 refugees who fled Pakistan and as many as 1.75 million migrant labourers most of whom are Hindus.
In addition, civil servants who have worked in Kashmir for seven years and their children, or students who have taken certain exams, also qualify for domicile status.
The changes are "the most drastic imposed since 1947," Siddiq Wahid, a historian and political analyst, told AFP. "It was done with the intent to open the gates to demographic flooding."
- What do locals have to do? -
Locals too now have to apply for the new "domicile certificates" in order to qualify for permanent resident rights.
To get this, they have to produce their Permanent Resident Certificates (PRC), cherished documents valid since 1927, which then become worthless.
Speaking to AFP on condition of anonymity, an engineering graduate said young Kashmiris were in effect being forced to give their political loyalty to India in exchange for a livelihood.
"They say, you want a job, OK, get the domicile document first," he said.
- Is anybody happy? -
A few people. Bahadur Lal Prajapati, born in Indian Kashmir to Hindu refugees who fled Pakistan during its first war with India over Kashmir seven decades ago, is finally an official resident and has "never been so happy".
"We got the right to live in this part of India as citizens after 72 years of struggle," Prajapati, 55, told AFP from his home in Jammu, the Hindu-dominated district of the region.
One of the first people to receive the new domicile certificate was Navin Kumar Choudhary, a top bureaucrat from the Indian state of Bihar who worked in Kashmir for many years.
Photos on social media of Choudhary proudly holding the certificate sparked huge anger among Kashmiris but delight among Modi's supporters.
- What happens if people complain? -
Some 430,000 new domicile certificates have been issued despite the coronavirus pandemic. It is unclear how many of them are to people from outside and how many to locals.
Many locals are refusing to swap their old documents, even though this makes life harder. Some do it in secret for fear of censure from their neighbours.
Wary of being labelled "anti-national" by the authorities many Kashmiris are also scared to speak out openly. Some are deleting their Twitter accounts.
"It's a travesty that I have to compete with outsiders for citizenship rights in my own homeland," said a student who also wished also to remain anonymous out of fear of problems with the authorities.
AFP RELAXNEWS
Sat Aug 29 2020
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi gestures as he gives a speech during a ceremony to celebrate India's 74th Independence Day. AFPRelaxpic
GOL tunggal Alif Haiqal hadiahkan Selangor FC mata penuh
Alif Haiqal Lau mencipta kemenangan dramatik selepas jaringan tunggalnya membantu Selangor FC (SFC) menewaskan Kedah Darul Aman (KDA) 1-0 FC di Stadium Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya (MBPJ).
SOP keselamatan haji TH ikut ISO 9001 2015
Prosedur Operasi Standard (SOP) yang disediakan Lembaga Tabung Haji (TH) berkaitan aspek keselamatan jemaah semasa di tanah suci adalah berlandaskan sistem pengurusan ISO 9001 2025 perkhidmatan haji yang perlu dipatuhi jemaah apabila berdepan kejadian luar jangka seperti insiden kren tumbang dan rempuhan di mina sebelum ini.
Ribuan peserta berarak di ibu kota Kuala Lumpur
Acara yang berlangsung sekitar satu jam itu menyaksikan para peserta berarak sepanjang jalan di Bukit Bintang sebelum berpatah balik ke Pavilion, Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia jadi Negara Contoh ‘Best Practice’ perkembangan AI
Pada sidang 'planery' bagi Sesi Peringkat Tinggi, mesyuarat tersebut turut menyifatkan Malaysia sebagai antara negara Komanwel yang berada di hadapan dalam membangunkan transformasi digital dan AI.
Tawar diskaun 40 peratus belian barangan keperluan perniagaan
Beban peniaga makanan menyediakan Menu Rahmah berikutan kenaikan harga barang boleh diatasi, apabila mereka memohon dan menggunakan kad diskaun khas Menu Rahmah
Timbalan Menteri Perdagangan Dalam Negeri dan Kos Sara Hidup Fuziah Salleh berkata ini kerana kad diskaun khas itu menawarkan pembelian barang keperluan perniagaan dengan diskaun sehingga 40 peratus.
Timbalan Menteri Perdagangan Dalam Negeri dan Kos Sara Hidup Fuziah Salleh berkata ini kerana kad diskaun khas itu menawarkan pembelian barang keperluan perniagaan dengan diskaun sehingga 40 peratus.
987 bayi didiagnosis masalah pendengaran pada 2023
Seramai 987 daripada 253,822 bayi yang disaring menerusi Program Saringan Pendengaran Bayi Universal (UNHS) pada 2023 didiagnosis mengalami masalah pendengaran, kata Menteri Kesihatan Datuk Seri Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad.
PM Anwar saksikan pertukaran 6 MoU antara Malaysia dan Uzbekistan
MoU itu antaranya melibatkan Perbadanan Pembangunan Perdagangan Luar Malaysia (MATRADE) dengan Dewan Perdagangan dan Industri Uzbekistan (CCIU) sebagai usaha mengukuhkan dan membangunkan kerjasama promosi perdagangan antara Malaysia dan Uzbekistan serta pertukaran maklumat perdagangan.
Berita tempatan pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Berikut adalah berita yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang Sabtu, 18 Mei 2024.
Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Antara pelbagai berita luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah antara yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
Piala Dunia Sepak Takraw: Malaysia tewaskan China acara regu
Malaysia memulakan aksi Kumpulan B acara regu kategori premier Kejohanan Piala Dunia Sepak Takraw 2024 dengan langkah kanan selepas menewaskan China di Stadium Titiwangsa di sini hari ini.
COVID-19: Over 100 individuals in Penang undergo test
Most of them were tested negative for the disease while others are still waiting for the results, Penang Chief Minister said.