WASHINGTON: The powerful Jan. 15 underwater eruption of Tonga's Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano in the South Pacific produced a plume that soared higher into Earth's atmosphere than any other on record - about 35 miles (57 km) - as it extended more than halfway to space, researchers said on Thursday.
The white-grayish plume unleashed by the eruption in the Polynesian archipelago became the first one documented to have penetrated a frigid layer of the atmosphere called the mesosphere, according to scientists who employed a novel technique using multiple satellite images to measure its height.
The plume was composed primarily of water with some ash and sulfur dioxide mixed in, said atmospheric scientist Simon Proud, lead author of the research published in the journal Science. Eruptions from land-based volcanoes tend to have more ash and sulfur dioxide and less water.
The deafening eruption sent tsunami waves across the Pacific Ocean and produced an atmospheric wave that traveled several times around the world. (See related graphic)
"To me, what was impressive is how quickly the eruption happened. It went from nothing to a 57-kilometer high cloud in just 30 minutes. I can't imagine what that must've been like to see from the ground," said Proud, a fellow at Britain's National Centre for Earth Observation working at the University of Oxford and STFC RAL Space.
"Something that fascinated me was the dome-like structure in the center of the umbrella plume. I've never seen something like that before," added Oxford atmospheric scientist and study co-author Andrew Prata.
Damage and loss of life - six dead - was relatively low due to the eruption's remote location, though it did obliterate a small and uninhabited island. Tonga is an archipelago of 176 islands with a population of just over 100,000 people, situated southeast of Fiji and just west of the international dateline.
"It could have been much worse," Proud said.
The plume extended through the bottom two layers of the atmosphere, the troposphere and stratosphere, and about 4 miles (7 km) into the mesosphere. The top of the mesosphere is the coldest place in the atmosphere.
"The mesosphere is one of the upper layers of our atmosphere and is generally pretty quiet - there's no familiar weather up there and the air is very dry and extremely thin," Proud said. "It's one of the least-understood parts of the atmosphere as it's so hard to reach. Lower down, we can use planes. Higher up, we have spacecraft. Many meteors burn up in the mesosphere, and it's also home to noctilucent (night-shining) clouds, which are sometimes visible in the summer sky towards the poles."
The plume was far from reaching the next atmospheric layer, the thermosphere, which starts at about 53 miles (85 km) above Earth's surface. A delineation called the Karman line, about 62 miles (100 km) above Earth's surface, is generally considered the boundary with space.
Until now, the highest recorded volcanic plumes were from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, at 25 miles (40 km), and the 1982 eruption of El Chichón in Mexico, at 19 miles (31 km). Volcanic eruptions in the past likely produced higher plumes but occurred before scientists were able to make such measurements. Proud said the 1883 Krakatau eruption in Indonesia probably also reached the mesosphere.
Scientists were unable to use their standard temperature-based technique of measuring a volcanic plume because January's eruption passed the maximum height for which this method could be used. They instead turned to three geostationary weather satellites that obtained images every 10 minutes and relied upon what is called the parallax effect - determining something's position by viewing it along multiple lines of sight.
"For the parallax approach we use to work, you need multiple satellites in different locations - and it's only within the past decade or so that this has become possible on a global scale," Proud said.
Reuters
Sat Nov 05 2022
The eruption of an underwater volcano off Tonga, which triggered a tsunami warning for several South Pacific island nations. - REUTERS
UKM buka kampus di Doha, PM Anwar bangga
Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim berkata pembukaan bersejarah Kampus Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) di Doha, Qatar hari ini telah meletakkan status pengajian tinggi negara di pentas dunia.
PM tiba di Republik Kyrgyz selama dua hari
Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim tiba di sini malam ini untuk lawatan rasmi dua hari ke Republik Kyrgyz.
Pesawat khas yang membawa Perdana Menteri mendarat di Lapangan Terbang Manas di sini pada 10.20 malam waktu tempatan (12.20 tengah malam waktu Malaysia).
Pesawat khas yang membawa Perdana Menteri mendarat di Lapangan Terbang Manas di sini pada 10.20 malam waktu tempatan (12.20 tengah malam waktu Malaysia).
Salah guna e-visa, Malaysia mungkin hilang keistimewaan
Ketua Rombongan Haji 1445H/2024M, Datuk Seri Syed Salleh Syed Abdul Rahman tegaskan, tindakan segelintir rakyat Malaysia yang menyalahgunakan visa pelancong untuk mengerjakan haji boleh mencalar imej Malaysia dan mungkin merisikokan negara hilang keistimewaan yang dinikmati sejak 2022 diberikan Arab Saudi.
Dua pegawai penjara terbunuh, banduan terlepas dalam serangan hendap
Beberapa lelaki bersenjata melepaskan tembakan ke arah pengawai penjara menyebabkan dua terbunuh manakala dua lagi cedera parah.
76 tahun Nakba: Protes di Israel memuncak
Tahun ini, ia merupakan demonstrasi pro-Palestin yang jarang berlaku di Israel di tengah-tengah perang Gaza, selepas polis menghalang beberapa cubaan bantahan sebelum ini.
Aktivis politik Thailand meninggal dunia dalam tahanan
Netiporn 'Bung' Sanesangkhorn meninggal dunia selepas jantungnya "berhenti berfungsi secara tiba-tiba" pada Selasa pagi.
Polis sahkan kes pergaduhan anggota tentera
Kejadian pada 9 Mei itu mengakibatkan mangsa berusia 38 tahun cedera dan menerima rawatan di Hospital Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Temerloh.
Benarkah semua pokok di KL di bawah tanggungjawab DBKL?
Dalam talkshow di #AgendaAWANI 8.30 malam semalam kita kupas panjang lebar pasal ‘Musim Pokok Tumbang’…
Ramai netizen tanya benarkah semua pokok di KL di bawah tanggungjawab DBKL?
Haa… Ini jawapannya.
#KLBandarUntukSemua
Ramai netizen tanya benarkah semua pokok di KL di bawah tanggungjawab DBKL?
Haa… Ini jawapannya.
#KLBandarUntukSemua
Bilik guru Sekolah Agama Rakyat terbakar
Kebakaran melibatkan bangunan Sekolah Agama Rakyat kelas A berkeluasan 70x15 terbakar di bahagian bilik guru.
Kehadiran Armada Laut Turki terjemahan hubungan erat Malaysia-Turki
Hubungan erat kedua-dua negara telah berjaya membentuk kerjasama dalam pelbagai bidang termasuk industri pertahanan.
Gempa bumi 6.7 pada skala Richter landa Neiafu, Tonga
Gempa bumi berukuran 6.7 pada skala Richter menggegarkan 112 kilomter (km) barat laut Neiafu, Tonga pada 10:27:45 GMT waktu tempatan, menurut Kajian Geologi Amerika Syarikat.
Gempa 7.4 magnitud landa Tonga
Sistem Amaran Tsunami Amerika Syarikat bagaimanapun tidak mengeluarkan amaran tsunami susulan gempa.
Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Antara pelbagai berita luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah antara yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
Letusan di Tonga beratus kali lebih kuat daripada bom atom Hiroshima - NASA
NASA berkata, letusan itu sangat kuat sehinggakan daratan baharu yang terbentuk itu telah hilang, bersama-sama dengan "ketulan besar" dua pulau lama.
'Aquaman' hampir lemas dilambung ombak, hanyut 27 jam susulan tsunami di Tonga
Lisala Folau berkata, dia hampir lemas sebanyak sembilan kali sebelum berjaya berpaut pada batang kayu dan berenang ke pantai.
Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Antara pelbagai berita luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah antara yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
Berita antarabangsa pilihan sepanjang hari ini
Antara pelbagai berita luar negara yang disiarkan di Astro AWANI, berikut adalah antara yang paling menjadi tumpuan sepanjang hari ini.
Gunung berapi: Dua lemas di Peru akibat ombak besar
Lebih 20 pelabuhan di Peru ditutup buat sementara waktu sebagai langkah berjaga-jaga susulan amaran ombak tinggi.
Tonga alami 'kerosakan besar' akibat letusan gunung berapi - Jacinda Ardern
Namun, kesan keseluruhan kepada Tonga masih belum jelas akibat capaian telefon dan internet di seluruh negara masih terputus.
Tsunami landa Pantai Pasifik Jepun selepas letusan gunung berapi di Tonga
Pantai Pasifik Jepun dilanda tsunami pada Sabtu akibat letusan gunung berapi dasar laut di negara Tonga.